Which of the following is NOT listed as a recommended physical therapy modality for OA in senior dogs?

• A. Forced immobilization
• B. Therapeutic exercise
• C. Hydrotherapy
• D. Massage

Answer: (A)

Maintaining joint mobility and muscle strength through controlled activity is central to physical therapy for osteoarthritis in senior dogs. Prolonged immobilization, in contrast, is not recommended because it leads to joint stiffness, muscle atrophy, and reduced blood flow, which can worsen pain and functional decline over time. The modalities that are typically used to support OA management include therapeutic exercise to improve range of motion and strength, hydrotherapy to allow gentle, low-impact aerobic work with less joint loading, and massage to relieve muscle tension and improve circulation. Rest can be appropriate briefly during acute flare-ups, but as a routine modality it is not part of the standard recommended physical therapy for OA.