Which statement best describes the components of the recommended physical therapy modalities for OA in senior dogs?

• A. Therapeutic exercise, hydrotherapy, ROM and strengthening, massage, thermal therapy, and home programs
• B. Only medications
• C. No therapy
• D. Surgery

Answer: (A)

A well-rounded physical therapy program for osteoarthritis in senior dogs uses multiple modalities to improve mobility, strengthen supporting muscles, and reduce pain, while protecting joints during activity. Therapeutic exercise builds muscle support and joint stability; hydrotherapy provides a low-impact way to exercise with reduced weight-bearing, helping cardiovascular fitness and strength without stressing the joints; range-of-motion and targeted strengthening work preserve joint flexibility and muscle balance around the affected joints; massage can relieve soft-tissue tension and improve circulation; thermal therapy, such as heat to ease stiffness or cold to reduce inflammation, helps manage pain and improve comfort; and a home program ensures these benefits are maintained between supervised sessions and supports long-term adherence. This combination addresses pain, function, and joint health more effectively than relying on a single approach, and it complements pharmacologic or surgical options rather than replacing them.